1. Introduction 2. Overview of Urbanization 2.1 Definition and Historical Context 2.2 Global Urbanization Trends 2.3 Urbanization and Environmental Impact 3. Geological Characteristics of Urban Areas 3.1 Urban Geology Overview 3.2 Soil Composition and Properties 3.3 Geotechnical Issues in Cities 3.4 Urbanization and Earthquake Risks 4. Hydrological Systems in Urban Environments 4.1 Introduction to Urban Hydrology 4.2 Surface Water Dynamics 4.3 Groundwater Recharge and Quality 4.4 Stormwater Management Challenges 5. Impacts of Urbanization on Geological Systems 5.1 Land Use Changes and Erosion 5.2 Infrastructure and Geological Stability 5.3 Mining and Resource Depletion 6. Effects on Hydrological Systems 6.1 Alterations in Water Cycle 6.2 Pollution and Water Quality 6.3 Flooding and Drainage Issues 7. Case Studies 7.1 Urbanization in Coastal Regions 7.2 Mountainous Urban Areas 7.3 Effects on River Basins 8. Mitigation and Policy Recommendations 8.1 Sustainable Urban Planning 8.2 Policies for Geological Preservation 8.3 Water Management Strategies
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