Impact of Urbanization on Plant Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Metropolitan Areas

1. Introduction 1.1 Background of Urbanization 1.2 Importance of Plant Biodiversity 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.4 Research Questions 2. Urbanization Trends 2.1 Historical Overview 2.2 Current Urban Growth Patterns 2.3 Projections for Future Development 3. Plant Biodiversity in Metropolitan Areas 3.1 Definition and Scope 3.2 Key Factors Affecting Biodiversity 3.3 Case Studies of Urban Biodiversity 4. Effects of Urbanization on Plant Diversity 4.1 Habitat Fragmentation 4.2 Pollution and Its Impact 4.3 Introduction of Invasive Species 4.4 Climate Change and Urban Heat 5. Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Flora 5.1 Types of Ecosystem Services 5.2 Role in Air and Water Regulation 5.3 Contribution to Recreational and Aesthetic Value 6. Mitigation and Conservation Strategies 6.1 Urban Planning and Design 6.2 Initiatives for Green Spaces 6.3 Biodiversity Offsetting Methods 6.4 Community Engagement and Education 7. Challenges and Opportunities 7.1 Economic and Policy Constraints 7.2 Opportunities for Sustainable Development 7.3 Role of Technology and Innovation 8. Conclusion and Recommendations 8.1 Summary of Key Findings 8.2 Implications for Policy and Practice 8.3 Future Research Directions