1. Introduction 2. Urban Heat Island Effect 2.1 Definition and Characteristics 2.2 Causes of Urban Heat Islands 2.3 Impact on Urban Environments 2.4 Measurement and Analysis Techniques 3. Urban Green Spaces 3.1 Definition and Types 3.2 Historical Development in Cities 3.3 Importance for Urban Areas 4. Role of Green Spaces in Mitigating Heat 4.1 Cooling Effects of Vegetation 4.2 Impact of Tree Canopy Cover 4.3 Green Roofs and Walls 4.4 Case Studies and Evidence 5. Green Spaces and Biodiversity 5.1 Contribution to Urban Biodiversity 5.2 Habitats and Species Diversity 5.3 Role in Ecological Networks 6. Analysis Methods in Urban Contexts 6.1 Remote Sensing Applications 6.2 Field Measurements Techniques 6.3 Modelling Urban Climates 7. Challenges and Limitations 7.1 Space and Design Constraints 7.2 Maintenance and Management Issues 7.3 Socioeconomic Considerations 8. Future Directions and Recommendations 8.1 Policy and Planning Strategies 8.2 Community Engagement and Education 8.3 Innovative Design Approaches
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