Exploring Sustainable Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Renewable Energy Applications

1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Rationale 1.2 Objectives of the Study 1.3 Structure of the Thesis 2. Fundamental Concepts 2.1 Basics of Catalysis 2.2 Overview of Carbon Dioxide Reduction 2.3 Principles of Renewable Energy 3. Current Technologies for CO2 Reduction 3.1 Chemical Approaches 3.2 Biological Methods 3.3 Photochemical and Electrochemical Techniques 4. Sustainable Catalysts: An Overview 4.1 Definition and Characteristics 4.2 Types of Sustainable Catalysts 4.3 Role in Energy Applications 5. Evaluation Criteria for Catalysts 5.1 Efficiency and Selectivity 5.2 Environmental and Economic Impacts 5.3 Stability and Durability 6. Case Studies in Catalyst Development 6.1 Metal-based Catalysts 6.2 Metal-free Catalysts 6.3 Hybrid Catalyst Systems 7. Challenges and Future Directions 7.1 Technical and Economic Hurdles 7.2 Advances in Catalyst Technology 7.3 Policy and Implementation Measures 8. Conclusion 8.1 Summary of Findings 8.2 Recommendations for Further Research 8.3 Implications for Industry and Policy